Virtual coffees

18 January: Engineering systems – using systems engineering and thinking to solve problems

25 January: Innovating competitively with IoT and sensor systems

8 February: Biodiversity sensing

22 February: Retrofitting legacy equipment – sensing, imaging and IoT perspectives

8 March: Cyber security exporting

14 March: Digital Product Passports

20 March: Virtual reality at work

This session was organised in partnership with NMIS and the EXTEND project for sustainability in manufacturing and remanufacturing.

In a circular economy, the maximum value from products is derived by retaining as much of the embedded material, labour, energy, and capital both throughout the supply chain and at the end of each service life. Remanufacturing is one of the most important ways of maintaining value.

The EXTEND project helps SMEs to adopt more sustainable practices, identify opportunities to reduce waste and carbon footprints, and employ circular economy practices. This has a dual functionality of not only helping companies meet net zero goals, but also offering them significant cost savings in their day-to-day operations.

In this session, organised with the University of Glasgow, we discussed what ‘responsible’ AI could and should look like.

The recent intense media coverage and interest in Chat GPT is just one example of AI, and AI systems are already being deployed in areas that affect people’s everyday lives such as loan applications, medical screening and releasing people on bail.

However, these applications can be biased and aren’t human-centric. All too often AI is thought of as an exclusively technical challenge, with other key ‘softer’ issues relegated to afterthoughts. Calls are emerging for human-centric approaches that provide understandable, controllable, safe and privacy-preserving AI systems, and that ensure responsible AI design.

What do we need to develop AI that works with and for everyone? How can we create experts to understand not just the technical capabilities of AI but their responsible development too? How do we train these new experts and which disciplines need to be involved? What are the applications that are most in need of responsible AI approaches?

Discussing cyber security issues associated with the space sector, with David Ferguson, Cyber Development Lead at ScotlandIS.

Making Scotland a world class place for the space sector – including manufacture, space access and satellite data processing – is a priority of the Scottish Government. Scotland’s dynamic and growing space sector focuses on a number of high-tech, high skill and research and development intensive areas, creating a Scottish space industry with great potential for further growth. According to the Scottish Government, almost one fifth of all UK jobs in the space sector are based in Scotland.

As our reliance on the space sector has grown – especially around satellites for communications, security and commerce – so have the risks, particularly around cybersecurity and the need to protect space assets.

Cyber security in the health and care sector involves a variety of measures to protect organisations from external and internal cyber attacks. Strengthening cyber resilience in this sector helps organisations to respond effectively in the event of a cyber incident and maintain the uninterrupted and proper operation of medical systems, equipment and services.  Preserving confidentiality and the integrity of patient data, and ensuring compliance with regulatory standards, are also important aspects of healthcare cyber security.

Smart’ factories, driven by Industrial IoT technologies are becoming the modern face of manufacturing, bringing significant improvements in productivity and performance and providing a real-time view of the factory floor and product lifecycles. However as manufacturing becomes increasingly digital, this new connectivity has brought with it it the rising threat of cyber security incidents. Companies must take a proactive approach to tackle cyber threats and address gaps that might be easily exploited by cyber criminals.

This session looks at cyber risk in the maritime sector. Increasingly, many of the systems required to ensure the safety of a ship, including navigation, power supply and cargo management are being connected to the internet. There are many benefits associate with this but there are also risks. We will explore the extent to which maritime assets could be affected by a cyber incident, including ships, their crews and cargo, and even ports.

Led CENSIS’s Marketing Manager, Siân Williams, who is responsible for CENSIS’s annual Technology Summit conference. The conversation explored what it takes to run a great technology-focused event of any size – from smaller workshops and meetups to larger scale conferences.

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Hosted by CENSIS Business Development Managers Natalia Lukaszewicz and Jim Cockram, this session discussed how to build a business case for your IoT product or device, including how to avoid pitfalls and common mistakes. This  was the first of five sessions planned between February and June 2022 on designing, manufacturing and deploying an IoT product. Event details.

The session explored:

• The universal steps involved in developing a business case, such as initial idea generation or primary market research
• IoT specific issues, e.g., the data and analysis streams required to address your idea, prototyping and creating your Minimum Viable Product
• RoI and the cost/benefit analysis needed to help you decide which decisions to make and which to forego
• Adapting your business plan to scale up and expand to cope with new revenue streams or new end markets

An important aspect of future business planning will be addressing the green economy, and this session looked at meeting net zero and carbon emissions targets through things like repair, recycling and remanufacture as part of the wider circular economy.

This session was the first of five delivered between February and June 2022 on designing, manufacturing and deploying IoT products.

Hosted by CENSIS’s Director of Strategic Projects, Stephen Milne, and Project Manager John Whelan, this session looked at the complete systems process involved in creating an IoT product optimised for the user experience. Event details.

IoT products are truly integrated devices, comprising hardware and firmware, software and cloud connections, data integration and data visualisation. In this session we explored how spending time getting things right at this stage can save time later by preventing the need for redesign or reworking when things are harder and perhaps more expensive to change. The importance of getting both the user experience and the technology development right is crucial to determining the success of an IoT product.

The session touched on what you need to get a Minimum Viable Product scope or spec in place. Could you use readily available parts or existing code? What needs to be done from scratch, and what are the resulting implications for cost, connectivity, life expectancy/net zero goals and the user experience?

This session was the second of five planned between February and June 2022 on designing, manufacturing and deploying an IoT product.

Hosted by CENSIS’s Business Development Manager Jim Cockram and Senior Engineer Steven Bremner, this session looks at the testing, compliance and marking of IoT devices. Event details.

Executing the right tests to validate the performance, functionality and security of an IoT device to meet safety and regulatory requirements is an important part of bringing a product to market and avoiding any legal or technical difficulties.

There are many companies who can work with you to get your product tested to ensure it conforms to the right standards, whether that is in relation to safety, accessibility, operability, performance, reliability, security, emissions or something else. Others can help get you the right country-specific certifications for your product, e.g., CE marking for sale in the EU.

In this session we will look not only at how to do this – and who can help – but also talk about some of the potential misconceptions, mistakes or pitfalls to look out for when embarking on this process.

This is one of five virtual coffees between February and June 2022 on designing, manufacturing and deploying an IoT product.

Hosted by CENSIS’s Business Development Director Cade Wells and Embedded Software Engineer Kenny Osborne, this session looks at the challenges around manufacturing IoT devices. Event details.

After you’ve nailed the design of your product and had it tested to meet all the necessary standards, it’s time to think about manufacturing and taking the next step to getting your product on the shelf.

In this session we’ll be looking at what it takes to get to this stage and what’s involved in the manufacturing process for IoT devices including production testing – the testing of devices as they come off a production line to ensure every device is working as planned. In this hour, you’ll benefit from the experience of CENSIS staff who have worked in manufacturing, including writing and executing test scripts to validate devices from the production line.

This is one of five virtual coffees between February and June 2022 on designing, manufacturing and deploying an IoT product.

Hosted by CENSIS’s business development manager Jim Cockram and software systems architect Kevin Power, this final session looks at deploying, troubleshooting and maintaining IoT devices. Event details. 

Although IoT devices are rigorously tested, they may still contain several potential points of failure due to their interconnected nature and reliance on a finely balanced system of hardware, software, and comms infrastructure.

When problems occur, it is important to have a good troubleshooting plan in place to help you narrow down the challenge you are facing. In this session we will look at how to identify what might be causing the problem, e.g., the operating environment or issues around integration, device configuration, connectivity or device load, and how they may be fixed.

When a device goes down, you may have to conduct an onsite visit to diagnose and repair issues. However, your business model could end up being severely challenged if you have to keep returning to site to fix things. So what is the best way to deploy to a customer, support them and maintain the device?

This session is one of five running between February and June 2022 on designing, manufacturing and deploying an IoT product.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Managers Jim Cockram and Stephen Milne. Event details.

Tracking assets – be that parts, equipment or people – and knowing where something is or how it is performing, often in real time, can help companies and organisations optimise resources, improve safety and compliance, generate operational efficiencies, or even identify new business opportunities.

While all these benefits are of course welcome, there are still trade-offs to consider. This discussion will look at some of the technical trade-offs associated with the asset monitoring, and also explore how some of these might diminish as IoT technology advances.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Managers Rachael Wakefield and Stephen Milne. Event details.

IoT for building ‘smart villages’ – communities that are using digital technologies including IoT networks to generate new business opportunities, strengthen existing ones, and ultimately drive sustainable local economic growth to help rural and/or remote communities remain competitive and viable.

With the rollout of IoT networks across Scotland, the deployment of IoT infrastructure is already being used to revitalise and empower communities with a view to creating employment and attracting future investment.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Manager Cade Wells. Event details.

As we become more reliant on IoT in our daily lives (both at home and work), the risks of connecting devices to each other and to the internet have increased. The security of IoT devices has been a hotly debated issue – we have all read about incidents where a seemingly innocuous device has been used maliciously with examples that range from the frightening (hackers infiltrating baby monitors or connected toys to talk to children) to the audacious (criminals who attacked a IoT enabled fish tank to steal data from a casino).

Led by Business Development Manager Jim Cockram and System Architect Kevin Power. Event details

Data visualisation is an essential part of an IoT system, taking important data from sensors and presenting it quickly – and securely – on screen. Incorporating different elements such as charts and graphs, data visualisation gives end users a straightforward way to see and understand behaviours, trends and patterns in data and allow quick decisions to be made.

Led by Business Development Manager Stephen Milne and System Architect Kevin Power. Event details.

This coffee break will look at the pairing of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) – software that visualises spatial or geographic data as a map – with IoT devices and services.

GIS technologies have been around for some time, and are a great way to visualise data. But by introducing IoT in to the mix, GIS can be significantly enhanced to allow end users to not only get an overall picture of a location, but also to get a full breakdown of how individual elements within that location are behaving or responding in real time.

Led by Business Development Managers Rachael Wakefield and Jim Cockram. Event details.

This coffee break will look at the costs involved in buying, implementing and maintaining an IoT system. What do we really mean when we say ‘low cost’?

While the cost of IoT sensors and other hardware may be dropping year on year, there are other factors that need to be considered in the lifetime cost of an IoT system such as maintenance, hardware or software upgrades, or even the costs involved in scaling up an idea. Could IoT systems end up being quite expensive to operate after all? Might they end up looking similar to home printing solutions – cheap to buy but expensive to run?

Led by CENSIS Business Development Managers Rachael Wakefield and Stephen Milne, this coffee break will look at how IoT could be used to support the ’20 minute neighbourhood’, an idea where the daily needs of a community – such as food shopping, schools, work, and leisure – can all be met within a short walk from a person’s home. Event details.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Director Michael Fletcher and Business Development Manager Cade Wells, this coffee break will look how IoT can support the brewing and distilling industries. From multinational companies to small batch producers of craft beer or sprits, brewers and distillers are beginning to recognise the benefits of IoT to not only manage their manufacturing processes, but also comply with regulations, create stronger supply chains, and even engage with consumers. Event details.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Manager Rachael Wakefield and Business Development Director Michael Fletcher, this discussion will explore the different ways IoT can help support Scotland’s ambitions to become a net zero society by 2045. Event details. 

Across the globe, many companies are experience problems with the procurement of semiconductors and other electronics components – from passives to ICs and more. It is common to see lead times of several months when placing orders – sometimes of even more than a year for the most popular items. The effects of the shortages are wide ranging and few sectors have been unaffected.

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We kicked off our very first virtual coffee on smart homes  back in spring 2020 and thought now would be a good time to revisit this topic.

Technology advances are continually moving us closer and closer to an age where multiple IoT devices will be a standard feature in every room in our homes. And it’s not just technology advances driving this change – social and environmental changes are also helping accelerate smart home development.

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While a lot of the IoT market is commercially driven, IoT can also be a force for good. There are many ways it can be deployed for very little upfront cost. Examples might include ‘virtual volunteers’, particularly in remote locations, or helping engage new supporters who may not be able to help in person but can provide online support at any time of the day. IoT technologies can also be used to support advocacy work or even demonstrate impact following the award of funding.

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Do organisations have to install brand new proprietary networks when thinking about using IoT, particularly when other similar sensor networks exist nearby? Could new IoT networks be installed with capital costs – and resulting data – shared between several organisations?

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You might not drive an electric car today, but with the ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel cars scheduled for 2030, it won’t be long before we all have to switch and start relying on electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure.

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For over 16 years, Navispace has helped accelerate IoT innovation and build a sustainable IoT pan-Europe innovation ecosystem. Its famous IoT World Cup, applicable to a wide range of end markets, has helped many companies gain international reach. The programme covers innovation for industrial IoT, smart cities, transport, agriculture, healthcare, sport, the smart home and lifestyle.

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In this special session to close out the year, all of CENSIS’s business development staff will be on this call for round up of our highlights from another year of virtual coffee discussions, and to answer your questions about anything IoT related.

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Led by CENSIS Business Development Managers Cade Wells and Stephen Milne

Our first chat after lockdown was announced on 23 March 2020, this session focused on IoT and smart home technologies and we were joined on the day by an Aberdeenshire-based SME working in this space.

Led by CENSIS team members Cade Wells and Helen Sandison.

In this chat, we looked at machine learning, machine vision and edge processing. We explored core techniques in this space such as event detection, object recognition or tracking, and image classification.

Cade and Helen also touched on some of the many application areas and end markets for these technologies and the group talked about some of the latest technology developments and business opportunities in the space.

Led by CENSIS team members Cade Wells and Kenny Osborne.

This virtual coffee break looked at cyber security and the Internet of Things and explored the importance of making things ‘secure by design’. Cade and Kenny talked through the technical challenges, solutions and business opportunities in the space, from both a business and practical software perspective.

Led by CENSIS team members Cade Wells and Rachael Wakefield.

Cade and Rachael talked through some technology challenges, solutions and business opportunities, and highlighted some projects that have adopted IoT tech. Tourism and hospitality management/monitoring is a potentially important market for IoT, and including everything from how visitors interact and make the most of their visits to key attractions.

It could also mean making attractions accessible to wider audiences when they cannot be visited in person. Other benefits might include supporting a sustainability agenda and promoting sustainable tourism.

Led by CENSIS members Cade Wells and Jim Cockram.

In this chat, we looked at the transition away from older manufacturing models towards a new, integrated approach incorporating IoT and also things like automation, robotics, virtual reality, cloud computing and data analytics to improve productivity.

We discussed how IoT systems can monitor and automate many complex processes where networks of smart sensors, coupled with real-time analytics, can act as drivers of significant improvements in their processes, transforming profit margins and operational efficiencies.

April 2020 – Led by CENSIS members Cade Wells and Kevin Power.
This chat explored NB-IoT: cellular enabled Internet of Things. We looked at how the major mobile phone operators such as Vodafone and O2 are beginning to roll out NB-IoT: a low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology that uses cellular coverage for connectivity.

We explored the topic from both a business development and practical software perspective. The session also touched on the myriad IoT applications for NB-IoT such as smart metering, bike sharing, wearables, parking, cities, security and asset tracking, home appliances and agriculture and environmental monitoring.

Led by CENSIS staff Cade Wells and Stephen Milne.

This session explored how IoT and sensor and imaging systems can be used for health and wellbeing.

This is a very wide topic, covering everything from personalised drug development, to medical wearables and providing support and care in the wider community for vulnerable people. Topics for discussion included: Health alert monitoring – wearables coupled with and in-home sensor and communication networks to helping older people to live independently for as long as possible; Smart devices and implants – communicating data to an app to support surgical after care and Wearable devices – for tracking the vital signs of hospital patients and alert medical staff when a condition worsens in real-time

Led by CENSIS staff Cade Wells and Rachael Wakefield.

This chat focused on IoT and imaging systems as they apply to forestry and precision agriculture. In forestry, this might mean remote systems that monitor growth in real time and assess tree health, support inventory and predict growth and quality.

In an agriculture setting, the opportunities are equally vast, with a multitude of sensor-based systems available for monitoring soil, crops, animals, and storage facilities – in fact, any element concerning the production of food can be supported with new IoT technologies. Drones and autonomous vehicles can be successfully used in both sectors, as can data analytics and visualisation.

Led by CENSIS team members Cade Wells, Rachael Wakefield, and Jim Cockram.

This chat explored how IoT can impact the tourism sector in the Scottish Highlands and Islands. This event was specifically designed for businesses and organisations based in the Highlands and Islands that are focused on hospitality, tourism and leisure.

On the day, Cade, Rachael and Jim talked about technology challenges, solutions, and business opportunities, highlighting some of our CENSIS projects in this space.

Led by CENSIS staff Cade Wells and Michael Fletcher.

This session explored IoT and imaging systems as they apply to Scottish food and drink. This discussion was aimed at anyone involved in Scottish food and drink – from farmers and producers to processors and executives, as well as retailers, policy makers and intermediaries working directly with industry.

This is a big subject covering everything from how food is grown and livestock is managed to enhancing food compliance and safety and managing natural resources.

Led by CENSIS members Cade Wells and Norman Mackenzie.

This session explored the security and resilience of IoT supply chains. How can IoT supply chains be managed to ensure every electronic component in a product is safe and secure? How do we ensure counterfeit chips don’t find their way into IoT gateways? How do we avoid malicious software updates that might lead to personal details being leaked?

We talked about the security of IoT systems and components, and building further trust in IoT systems to bring about greater IoT adoption. Related topics included IP theft, counterfeiting, introducing malicious hardware and software in operational environments.

Led by CENSIS staff Cade Wells and Michael Fletcher

This session explored IoT and imaging systems as they apply to water monitoring and management.

We covered the management, processing and monitoring of water and wastewater, and how sensing, imaging and IoT technologies may be applied to these spaces. It was designed to be of interest to public sector organisations and private companies.

Led by CENSIS staff Cade Wells and Jim Cockram.

Anyone with a challenge in this space and interested in using IoT to find a solution was welcome to this session– from transportation and logistics, to fleet vehicle management, passenger transport, transport planning or traffic management; even maritime and port operations.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Manager Cade Wells.

The Internet of Things is helping to drive transformation across the energy sector, from power generation, through to transmission and distribution; even changing the way customers interact with companies through smart meter devices.  Over the coming years, the energy industry is going to become smarter, more efficient, more distributed, and more reliable, thanks in part to IoT.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Manager Cade Wells.

While smartwatches and FitBits are normally the first things that come to mind when we think about wearables, in recent years the market has moved far beyond devices that simply track our steps or measure the quality of our sleep.

Whether it’s connected wristbands, cards, clothes, or even jewellery almost every market we can imagine is using wearables – from sports to healthcare, manufacturing to construction, health and safety to finance.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Manager Cade Wells.

In recent years we have seen many IoT devices designed for the home – from thermostats accessed via smartphones, to doorbells that allow us to see who is calling no matter where we are. While many products are aimed at individual households, social landlords are also beginning to recognise the value of IoT technology to create smarter, safer social housing that benefits both landlord and tenant.

Increased maintenance costs, tenant safety issues, and fuel poverty challenges are just some of the issues facing social landlords and their tenants. Using IoT to address these issues can be transformative, offering landlords detailed information on all of their properties at once; identifying problems, prioritising interventions, and making developments safer, more energy-efficient, and cheaper to run. Several pilot projects have already taken place, including one between CENSIS and Maryhill Housing.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Manager Cade Wells.

This coffee break looked at cyber security and IoT and the importance of making things ‘secure by design’.

On this call we focused particularly on remote and rural communities and businesses particularly in the Highlands and Islands. This also addressed application areas such as agriculture, hospitality and tourism, healthcare and fish farming. We looked at technical challenges, solutions and business opportunities in the space, from both a business and practical engineering perspective.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Manager Cade Wells.

This coffee break explored an underpinning technology used in many IoT products and services – thermal imaging. This conversation was designed to be more technical than the others in the series and so we brought together technology developers and solution providers on this call, rather than end users.

Areas of discussion included: Emerging application areas, such as e-health, automotive and personal safety: Lower cost mobile and fixed-location hardware and software solutions; Thermal imaging for enhanced performance in existing machine vision applications.

July and September 2020 – Led by CENSIS Business Development Manager Cade Wells.
We repeated this virtual coffee break due to intense demand. This coffee break looked at remote sensing for environmental monitoring applications. Remote sensing is used in a range of applications for environmental planning and management; from monitoring coastlines and large bodies of water, to hazard assessments and natural resource management, measuring sea temperatures to forest growth, monitoring the impacts of natural disasters, or remotely tracking wildlife to prevent poaching.

We looked at all the different available sensor systems and IoT technologies on drones, piloted aircraft and satellites that can be used to support the planning and management of land and water, and its resources.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Manager Cade Wells.

This week’s coffee break looked at the use of IoT to manage and navigate the ‘new normal’ working environments in which we found ourselves. It is clear that COVID-19 is likely to remain a challenge to the way we live and work for some time to come, and organisations will have to introduce new ways to organise workplaces to ensure the safety of employees and minimise infection risks.

Carefully considered processes and procedures will play a part in addressing a number of COVID-19 challenges such as maintaining physical distancing, identifying asymptomatic carriers, or ensuring PPE compliance. This coffee chat looked at safe working practices and the use of technology to manage unpredictable events in work environments and minimise risks.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Manager Cade Wells.

Innovation in IoT is changing the way we work and live, and new products and services are being created all the time. This ‘digitalisation’ of our lives, and the ever growing number of IoT enabled devices may generates many benefits, but also creates massive energy demands.

We asked: How do we balance our IoT thirst with global targets to cut energy use and reduce our environmental footprint? One way may be through the use of hydrogen. We discussed: How to power IoT devices with hydrogen technology; Supplying power to remote and rural locations; Using hydrogen for domestic and commercial use, including in transport; Storage issues.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Managers Jim Cockram and Rachael Wakefield.

A lot of maritime trade is still managed manually, with containers and cargo tracked using paperwork and visual inspection. IoT technologies could greatly simplify and reduce this paperwork, while also creating a more secure and visible supply chain to dramatically change the way goods are moved and managed around the world.

Discussion points covered were: Lower operating and capital costs; Cargo tracking; Condition monitoring; Security and resilience; Communications and connectivity.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Manager Cade Wells.

Augmented reality can be used to visualise data, overlaying information over an environment through a headset, while digital twins are virtual replicas of physical devices, used to run simulations before things are built or new processes are deployed.

Digital twins are already transforming some manufacturing processes, offering new ways to optimise condition monitoring, reduce costs, schedule downtime and enable the creation of connected products. Opportunities for AR and digital twins also outside of manufacturing too, e.g., city planners could create virtual cityscapes or transport networks, or city officials could use existing data to within augmented reality apps to create and ‘engage with’ hypothetical situations. This chat explored how insights gained from these technologies can help optimise and automate processes, and improve business outcomes.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Manager Rachael Wakefield.

We were delighted to welcome Danny Cowe of the Mountain Bike Centre for Scotland to join Rachael as co-host. Danny gave us an introduction to some of the challenges and opportunities in the space and participated in the discussion. When we think of ‘smart’ transport, often the first thing that comes to mind are motor vehicles such as connected freight or autonomous cars; however, IoT is beginning to be used in cycling too.

From managing the final leg of an online shopping order on a cargo bike, to offering new products to outdoor adventurers on mountain bike trails, smart systems and IoT technologies are beginning to play a part in this sustainable and active mode of transport. This discussion touched all types of cycling – for road, mountain trails, and cargo/delivery.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Manager Cade Wells.
Innovation in sensing and imaging is continuous, resulting in the introduction of new products and services to the marketplace. Many of these products and services rely on data communication to function optimally and provide the most benefit to the end-user.

As we move to an era of devices being interconnected at a greater scale, the resilience of communications networks is expected and often essential. This coffee chat explored what challenges we have – and foresee – in the connection of devices over large geographic areas, and how closer partnerships with the communications technology ecosystem can yield solutions.

Led by CENSIS Business Development Manager Jim Cockram.

Whether you need to monitor a whole fleet of delivery vehicles to optimise driver routes, track shipping containments as they move across continents, trace pieces of expensive health equipment in a hospital, or observe the flow of people through airport terminals or train stations for smart city planning; asset tracking IoT technologies can help.

This discussion looked at potential applications areas for asset tracking, key features of asset tracking systems, and explored some of the different technologies available, such as Cat-M1, NB-IoT or RFID.

As we move towards whole farm management systems, the role of IoT will become more established in acquiring information from processes that would otherwise be too resource-heavy to achieve in any other way.